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Multi-stage builds use multiple FROM statements in a single Dockerfile. The first stage compiles/builds your application, and the second stage copies only the necessary artifacts (not the build tools). This results in significantly smaller production images — often 80-90% smaller than single-stage builds.
Running containers as root is a security risk — if an attacker compromises your application, they gain root access to the container. Creating a dedicated non-root user (like appuser) follows the principle of least privilege. Combined with read-only filesystems and dropped capabilities, it significantly reduces your attack surface.